北京山区泥石流与滑坡防治研究

泥石流、滑坡是北京山区常见的山地灾害 ,尤以泥石流灾害最为严重。全市共有泥石流沟 70 0条 ,分布在房山、门头沟、昌平、怀柔、延庆、密云、平谷 7个区县 ,涉及乡镇 6 1个。泥石流、滑坡多次造成人员伤亡和财产损失。防治泥石流、滑坡灾害 ,对改善北京山区环境 ,保护首都水源地等都有着重要意义。     

台湾土石流研究综述

 台湾地狭人稠,平地开发趋于饱和。随着社会经济快速发展,使得山坡地陆续开发,破坏原有之水土保持,且台湾岛之山脉地质大多属沉积岩及变质岩,性质脆弱且易断裂,再加上年平均雨量高达2500mm,其中78%的降雨集中于5—10月的台风季节,因此台湾地区土石流频繁。为了解台湾地区土石流之研究沿革,搜集相关土石流之研究成果,并配合台湾地区重大灾害,分析土石流特性、土石流成分分析、危险评估与重建、抑制工程及现场调查仿真等方面的研究进展。     

Study on the Sedimentation Rule of the Particles in Debris Flow

In this paper, according to the study on a great number of experiments and data analyses, the sedimentation rule of solid particles in debris flow is set up. Three main factors that influence the particle sedimentation in debris flow were studied; the basic reasons to influence the particle sedimentation were analyzed. The particle sedimentation in debris flow could be divided into three stages,i, e. the starting stage, the quick sedimentation stage and the accumulation stage,and detailed analysis on the sedimentation process each stage was made. The liquid viscosity, particle quality and additional water pressure have an important role on the sedimentation rule of the particle in debris flow.     

汶川地震后肖家沟泥石流活动特征与灾害防治

肖家沟是汶川地震震中映秀镇近邻的一条典型泥石流沟,位于渔子溪河左侧,沟域面积7.19 km²,沟床平均纵比降为485‰。"5·12"地震后该沟多次暴发泥石流。2010年8月14日,肖家沟暴发特大规模泥石流,一次冲出物方量约6.50×10⁵ m,堵塞渔子溪,堰塞湖溃决后造成洪水灾害。肖家沟泥石流物源条件非常丰富,地区降水充沛,危险性巨大,一旦发生泥石流,直接威胁S₃₀₃映秀段公路,造成交通中断;若发生大规模泥石流堵塞渔子溪形成堰塞体,堰塞体溃决之后,大量泥沙被洪水带至下游,抬高河床,将对下游映秀镇产生严重的洪水灾害。目前肖家沟沟域内共有松散固体物源量5.22×10⁶ m³,可参与泥石流活动的动储量为2.01×10⁶ m³。以肖家沟泥石流形成条件为基础,分析震后连续发生的泥石流类型与活动特征,并以此为依据探讨了肖家沟泥石流治理的简要思路。     

基于光流法与特征统计的鱼群异常行为检测

鱼类群体行为的异常检测能够为鱼类健康监控与预警提供重要的方法和手段,对研究鱼类行为的机理,提升水产养殖过程中的信息化水平具有非常重要的意义。该文通过计算机视觉和图像处理技术,基于鱼群运动特征统计方法,对鱼群异常行为检测进行研究。利用Lucas-Kanade光流法得到目标鱼群的运动矢量,并对目标运动的行为特征进行统计,得到速度与转角这2个行为特征的联合直方图与联合概率分布。最后,在联合概率分布的基础上,基于标准互信息(normalized mutual information-NMI)和局部距离异常因子(local distance-based outlier factor-LDOF)2种方法对鱼群行为进行异常检测。试验结果表明,2种异常检测方法均达到99.5%以上的准确率。     

基于关键帧提取技术的花开过程视频监测系统开发及试验

为克服传统花开过程监测中视频数据冗余、信息量大的缺点,该文设计了一种基于关键帧提取技术的花开过程视频监测系统。系统对花开过程原始图像采集后,采用基于光流法和熵统计算法实现对花开过程原始图像的关键帧提取,选择关键帧数模式或方向信息熵阈值模式,进行相关参数设置,最终合成出表征花开过程的关键帧视频。该文以百合花开放过程为例实现了基于关键帧提取技术的视频监测。试验结果证明,在该试验的条件下经关键帧提取合成的花开过程的视频数据量减少达84.6%以上,播放时间减少为原始视频播放时间的15.4%以下。视频保留了花开过程细节信息,整段视频播放自然流畅,可为从事植物、花卉研究的相关人员提供一个省时、方便的研究花开过程的监测平台。     

Relationships of dead wood patterns with biophysical characteristics and ownership according to scale in Coastal Oregon,USA

Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices; the relative importance of these factors is poorly understood, especially at landscape to regional scales. This study examined current dead wood amounts in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA, at multiple spatial scales. Objectives were to: (1) describe current regional amounts of several characteristics of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine the relative importance, according to spatial scale, of biophysical and ownership characteristics, to regional dead wood abundance. Dead wood plot data were evaluated with respect to explanatory variables at four spatial scales of resolution: plots, subwatersheds, watersheds and subbasins. The relationships of dead wood characteristics with biophysical attributes and ownership were diverse and scale-specific. Region-wide dead wood abundance and types varied among ownerships, with public lands typically having higher amounts of dead wood and more large dead wood than private lands. Regression analysis of total dead wood volume indicated that ownership was important at the subbasin scale. Growing season moisture stress was important at plot, subwatershed, and watershed scales. Topography was important at the two coarser scales. Multivariate analysis of dead wood gradients showed that ownership was important at all scales, topography at the subbasin scale, historical vegetation at watershed and subbasin scales, and current vegetation at plot and subwatershed scales. Management for dead wood and related biodiversity at watershed to landscape scales should consider the distinct dynamics of snags and logs, the importance of historical effects, and the relevance of ownership patterns.     

羊草草原枯枝落叶中能量特征 分析

在草原生态系统中，以枯枝落叶为主体的能量的输入，积累和释放，是能量流动的主要环节。每年因植物的枯死，转移到枯枝落叶的能量为３９４９．６７９ＫＪ．ｍ６２．ａ，其季节变化呈指数形式。现存枯枝落叶中贮存的能量为３４２４．１０ＫＪ．ｍ＾２，经１年分解后，残留在枯枝落叶的能量为２２８２．４３ＫＪ．ｍ＾２，释放出的能量为１１４１．６０ＫＪ．ｍ＾２，能量释放的季节动态呈Ｓ型曲线。     

Assessment of plastic ingestion by pole-caught pelagic predatory fish from O'ahu,Hawai'i

1. Although the frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion in the large-sized dolphinfish and tunas taken by the Hawai'i longline fishery is very low (frequency of occurrence < 5% of sampled individuals), the ingestion of plastic in smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line gear by commercial and recreational fishers has not been investigated.
2. This study examined ingestion of >0.25 mm marine plastic debris (MPD) by four predatory fish species caught by commercial fishers around the Main Hawaiian Islands, and documented ingestion in three species: 85.7% of albacore tuna (n = 7), 40.0% of skipjack tuna (n = 10) and 12.5% of dolphinfish (n = 8).
3. Yellowfin tuna (n = 10) did not contain any MPD, probably owing to the high proportion of empty stomachs (60%).
4. For skipjack tuna, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was significantly higher for the smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line (40%), compared with the larger-sized specimens caught with longlines (0%).
5. For dolphinfish, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was similar for the similar-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line and with longlines.
6. The ingested MPD items were micro–meso plastics, between 1 and 25 mm. While most ingested items were fragments, albacore also ingested line and skipjack also ingested sheets.
7. The predatory fishes ingested light MPD items that float in sea water, but there were species-specific differences in their polymer composition: albacore contained more polypropylene and polyethylene, and skipjack contained more elastomers, characterized by a high percentage of ester plasticizers.
8. Altogether, these results suggest that albacore and skipjack tunas ingest plastic of different types and polymers. Yet more research is needed to understand how differences in vertical distribution, foraging ecology and diet influence the MPD sampled by these predatory fish species.

     

Fish and flows: Abiotic drivers influence the recruitment response of a freshwater fish community throughout a regulated lotic system of the Murray-Darling Basin,Australia

1. Fish assemblages in dryland rivers have life-history strategies that have evolved in response to environmental conditions and triggers, particularly water temperatures and flow regimes. The regulation of rivers through the construction of dams, weirs and other water diversion structures has altered natural flow regimes and the associated ecological processes of river systems worldwide.
2. Over a 3-year period, using standardized fish sampling and daily otolith ageing, the recruitment of eight freshwater fish species was monitored in response to various abiotic drivers, including hydrology and water temperatures, throughout the Macquarie River, a large regulated river system of the Australian Murray-Darling Basin.
3. A data-driven statistical classification system is provided that groups species into reproductive guilds, based on their recruitment response to hydrology and water temperature, specifically designed for use in environmental flow management.
4. The eight species were grouped into three distinct reproductive guilds that showed similar recruitment responses to the abiotic drivers. Murray-Darling rainbowfish, Murray cod, and eel-tailed catfish were considered as a single guild, characterized by seasonal recruitment during a relatively narrow thermal window under low to moderate stable discharges. The second group included common carp, bony herring, and golden perch, which recruited primarily in association with larger flow events. Un-specked hardyhead and Australian smelt formed a more differentiated guild, recruiting over a broad range of temperatures and discharges. Limitations associated with using a reproductive guild approach to simplify water management are discussed.
5. This study highlighted important relationships among hydrology, water temperatures, and successful recruitment that can, in turn, be used to inform development of adaptive flow management plans and effective use of environmental water for the conservation management of native fish communities. Important considerations in the design of studies that aim to examine relationships between recruitment and abiotic drivers are also discussed.